Trace gas oxidation sustains energy needs of a thermophilic archaeon at suboptimal temperatures.

Diverse aerobic bacteria use atmospheric hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) as energy sources to support growth and survival. Such trace gas oxidation is recognised as a globally significant process that serves as the main sink in the biogeochemical H2 cycle and sustains microbial biodiversity in oligotrophic ecosystems. However, it is unclear whether archaea can also use atmospheric H2. Here we show that a thermoacidophilic archaeon, Acidianus brierleyi (Thermoproteota), constitutively consumes H2 and CO to sub-atmospheric levels. Oxidation occurs across a wide range of temperatures (10 to 70 °C) and enhances ATP production during starvation-induced persistence under temperate conditions. The genome of A. brierleyi encodes a canonical CO dehydrogenase and four distinct [NiFe]-hydrogenases, which are differentially produced in response to electron donor and acceptor availability. Another archaeon, Metallosphaera sedula, can also oxidize atmospheric H2. Our results suggest that trace gas oxidation is a common trait of Sulfolobales archaea and may play a role in their survival and niche expansion, including during dispersal through temperate environments.

Immunogens in Balamuthia mandrillaris: a proteomic exploration.

Balamuthia mandrillaris is the causative agent of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, a rare and often fatal infection affecting the central nervous system. The amoeba is isolated from diverse environmental sources and can cause severe infections in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Given the limited understanding of B. mandrillaris, our research aimed to explore its protein profile, identifying potential immunogens crucial for early granulomatous amoebic encephalitis diagnosis. Cultures of B. mandrillaris and other amoebas were grown under axenic conditions, and total amoebic extracts were obtained. Proteomic analyses, including two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, were performed. A 50-kDa band showed a robust recognition of antibodies from immunized BALB/c mice; peptides contained in this band were matched with elongation factor-1 alpha, which emerged as a putative key immunogen. Besides, lectin blotting revealed the presence of glycoproteins in B. mandrillaris, and confocal microscopy demonstrated the focal distribution of the 50-kDa band throughout trophozoites. Cumulatively, these observations suggest the participation of the 50-kDa band in adhesion and recognition mechanisms. Thus, these collective findings demonstrate some protein characteristics of B. mandrillaris, opening avenues for understanding its pathogenicity and developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Posterior Transtemporal Approach to a Thalamic Cavernous Malformation: 2-Dimensional Operative Video.

Cavernous malformations (CMs) account for 10%-15% of all vascular malformations and represent the second most common type of cerebral vascular lesion.1 They typically occur in the cerebral subcortex or white matter.2 CMs located in the thalamus are rare.3 When we isolate the group of thalamic CMs, we find a bleeding risk of >5% per year, with a rebleeding rate exceeding 60%, often occurring within 1 year of the initial bleeding.1 The deep location and proximity to eloquent brain regions make thalamic CMs challenging for neurosurgeons.4,5 Surgeons can access the posterolateral thalamus through various surgical approaches, such as transcallosal transventricular, supracerebellar transtentorial, intraparietal sulcus, and transcortical methods. Selecting the best surgical approach requires considerable expertise, considering the patient's preoperative condition and the lesion's location.6-12 We discuss a complex case involving a 24-year-old patient with a right thalamic cavernoma and a history of 3 prior bleeding events. We present a step-by-step transcortical approach through the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus (Video 1). The patient consented to the procedure and publication of images. We demonstrate how the transtemporal posterior trajectory provides an optimal working corridor for safely removing this cavernous malformation without introducing new deficits.

The Technique for Transorbital Ventricular Puncture: An Anatomic Approach.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transorbital ventricular puncture is a minimally invasive described procedure with poor landmarks and anatomic references. This approach can be easily performed to save patients with intracranial hypertension, especially when it is secondary to an acute decompensated hydrocephalus. This study aims to describe anatomic structures and landmarks to facilitate the execution of transorbital puncture in emergency cases. METHODS: We analyzed 120 head computed tomographies to show the best area to perform the procedure in the orbital roof. Two adult cadavers (4 sides) were punctured in the predetermined area. Angles, distances, landmarks, and anatomic structures were registered. This approach to the ventricular system may be performed at bedside to relieve intracranial hypertension only in specific cases. RESULTS: The perforation point is 2.5 cm (female) or 3.0 cm (male) lateral to the midline and immediately inferior to the superciliary arch. A vertical line, parallel to midline, was drawn on the outer edge of the patient's forehead, the needle was 45° inferiorly and 20° medially and then progressed 2.0 cm backwards to reach the bone perforation point. After that, it was advanced another 4.5cm approximately until it reached the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. CONCLUSION: Based on statistical and experimental evidences, we were able to establish reliable anatomic reference points to access the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle through transorbital puncture.

Topographical Systematization of Human Placenta Model for Training in Microneurosurgery.

BACKGROUND: Neurosurgical training continuously seeks innovative methods to enhance the acquisition of essential technical skills for neurosurgeons worldwide. While various training models have been employed, few truly replicate real-life conditions optimally. Human placenta is a good model for neurosurgical microsurgery training due to its anatomic similarities to neurovascular structures. Placental vessels exhibit a branching pattern and caliber comparable with intracranial vessels, making them suitable for practicing microsurgical techniques. The study aims to delineate the anatomic zones of the placenta and propose a segmented training model, resulting in a reproducible, cost-effective, and realistic neurosurgical microsurgery training environment. METHODS: Twenty human placentas were meticulously prepared, injected with dyes, and categorized into zones on the basis of anatomic features. Measurements of placental vessels were recorded and compared with cerebral vessels. The placenta was divided into 4 quadrants to facilitate specific training techniques. RESULTS: Our results revealed varying vessel diameters across placental zones, closely resembling cerebral vessels. Different microsurgical techniques were applied to specific placental zones, thereby optimizing training scenarios. The applicability section described exercises such as membrane dissection, vessel skeletonization, aneurysm creation, vascular bypass, and tumor dissection within the placental model, providing detailed guidance on the zones suitable for each exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Human placenta serves as an effective microsurgical training model for neurosurgery, enhancing neurosurgeons' skills through anatomic segmentation. Integrating this model into training programs can significantly contribute to skill acquisition and improved surgical outcomes. Further research is warranted to refine and expand its utilization, complemented by clinical experiences and other simulation tools.

Detection and Characterization of Electrogenic Bacteria from Soils.

Soil microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are bioelectrical devices powered by the oxidation of organic and inorganic compounds due to microbial activity. Seven soils were randomly selected from Bergen Community College or areas nearby, located in the state of New Jersey, USA, were used to screen for the presence of electrogenic bacteria. SMFCs were incubated at 35-37 °C. Electricity generation and electrogenic bacteria were determined using an application developed for cellular phones. Of the seven samples, five generated electricity and enriched electrogenic bacteria. Average electrical output for the seven SMFCs was 155 microwatts with the start-up time ranging from 1 to 11 days. The highest output and electrogenic bacterial numbers were found with SMFC-B1 with 143 microwatts and 2.99 × 109 electrogenic bacteria after 15 days. Optimal electrical output and electrogenic bacterial numbers ranged from 1 to 21 days. Microbial DNA was extracted from the top and bottom of the anode of SMFC-B1 using the ZR Soil Microbe DNA MiniPrep Protocol followed by PCR amplification of 16S rRNA V3-V4 region. Next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes generated an average of 58 k sequences. BLAST analysis of the anode bacterial community in SMFC-B1 demonstrated that the predominant bacterial phylum was Bacillota of the class Clostridia (50%). However, bacteria belonging to the phylum Pseudomonadota (15%) such as Magnetospirillum sp. and Methylocaldum gracile were also part of the predominant electrogenic bacterial community in the anode. Unidentified uncultured bacteria accounted for 35% of the predominant bacterial community. Bioelectrical devices such as MFCs provide sustainable and clean alternatives to future applications for electricity generation, waste treatment, and biosensors.

The role of transanal compared to laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (taTME vs. lapTME) for the treatment of mid-low rectal cancer in obese patients: outcomes of a multicenter propensity-matched analysis.

To compare the rate of sphincter-saving interventions between transanal and laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision in this particular group of patients. A multicentre observational study was conducted using a prospective database, including patients diagnosed with rectal cancer below the peritoneal reflection and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, who underwent minimally invasive elective surgery over a 5-year period. Exclusion criteria were (1) sphincter and/or puborectalis invasion; (2) multi-visceral resections; (3) palliative surgeries. The study population was divided into two groups according to the intervention: transanal or laparoscopic total mesorectal excision. The primary outcome was the rate of sphincter-saving surgery. Secondary outcomes included conversion, postoperative complications, quality of the specimen, and survival. A total of 93 patients were included; 40 (43%) transanal total mesorectal excision were compared to 53 (57%) laparoscopic. In addition, 35 cases of transanal approach were case-matched with an equal number of laparoscopic approaches, based on gender, tumor's height, and neoadjuvant therapy. In both groups, 43% of the patients had low rectal cancer; however, the rate of sphincter-saving surgery was significantly higher in the transanal group (97% vs. 71%, p = 0.003). There were no conversions to open surgery in the transanal group, compared to 2 cases in the laparoscopic group (6%) (p = 0.246). The percentage of major complications was similar, including the rate of anastomotic leakage (10% transanal vs. 19% laparoscopic, p = 0.835). In our experience, higher percentages of sphincter-saving procedures and lower conversion rates are potential benefits of using the transanal approach in a complex surgical setting population of obese patients with mid-low rectal tumors when compared to laparoscopic.

Contingency learning and episodic contributions to the item-specific proportion congruent effect.

Several studies have challenged the conflict adaptation account of cognitive control effects, suggesting that they are the result of learning/memory processes independent from control modulation. Some authors have suggested that the item-specific proportion congruent (ISPC) effect (i.e., the smaller congruency effect on items presented frequently in an incongruent combination) is driven by colour-word contingency learning (CL). However, it has recently been suggested that CL can be explained in terms of episodic retrieval of the response given to the last encounter with the same stimulus, with no role of associative learning. This study aims to analyse the independent role of CL and episodic retrieval on the ISPC effect. Experiment 1 showed no effect of control modulation and indicated that, when manipulated independently, learning-driven contingency is modulated by the episodic factor, but it remains significant. Experiments 2 and 3 extended the study of the interplay between learning and recency to the colour-word CL paradigm, finding larger contingency effects on colour words compared with neutral ones and replicating the interaction between CL and episodic retrieval from Experiment 1. Surprisingly, these two experiments also showed control modulation apart from contingency and recency effects in colour words. In sum, our study reveals that the ISPC effect results from the joint contribution of cognitive control, associative learning, and episodic effects.

Intervención psicoeducativa para potenciar la rehabilitación cardiovascular integral en pacientes convalecientes de infarto agudo de miocardio / A psychoeducational intervention to enhance comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation in patients convalescent from acute myocardial infarction

Introducción: La rehabilitación cardiovascular integral del paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio resulta fundamental para el logro de su bienestar físico y psicológico, y su reinserción a la vida social. Objetivo: Elaborar una estrategia de intervención psicoeducativa para potenciar la rehabilitación cardiovascular integral en pacientes convalecientes de infarto agudo de miocardio, con la visión de especialistas consultados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal en el Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau», de Santa Clara, entre octubre de 2019 y enero de 2021. La muestra estuvo conformada por 27 pacientes que asistieron a la consulta de Cardiología, y 7 especialistas según criterios de inclusión. Las técnicas aplicadas fueron: la revisión de historia clínica, entrevistas semiestructuradas a pacientes y especialistas, la encuesta sobre el conocimiento de la enfermedad, un autorreporte vivencial y la evaluación del estilo vida. Se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos acorde a la medición de las variables, análisis de contenido y triangulación de la información. Resultados: En los pacientes diagnosticados con estilo de vida poco saludable, predominó un conocimiento medianamente suficiente de la enfermedad; la hipertensión arterial fue el principal factor de riesgo asociado. Se elaboró la estrategia de intervención según las necesidades psicoeducativas identificadas por los pacientes con la visión de especialistas consultados. Se constató que presentan carencia de habilidades para autocontrolar las reacciones emocionales posteriores al suceso cardiovascular. Conclusiones: La estrategia elaborada fue valorada satisfactoriamente por juicio de profesionales, indicándose la posibilidad de ser aplicada en los usuarios a los que está dirigida.

Introduction: comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation of patients with acute myocardial infarction is essential to achieve their physical and psychological well-being, and their reintegration into social life. Objective: to develop a psychoeducational intervention strategy to enhance comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation in patients convalescent from acute myocardial infarction, with the vision of consulted specialists. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital, in Santa Clara, between October 2019 and January 2021. The sample consisted of 27 patients who come to the Cardiology consultation, and 7 specialists according to inclusion criteria. Medical history review, semi-structured interviews with patients and specialists, a survey on knowledge of the disease, an experiential self-report, and a lifestyle evaluation were the techniques applied. Descriptive statistics were used according to the measurement of the variables as well as content analysis and triangulation of the information. Results: a moderately sufficient knowledge of the disease prevailed in patients diagnosed with an unhealthy lifestyle; arterial hypertension was the main associated risk factor. The intervention strategy was developed according to the psychoeducational needs identified by the patients with the vision of the consulted specialists. We verified that they have a lack of abilities to self-control their emotional reactions after the cardiovascular event. Conclusions: the elaborated strategy was satisfactorily valued by professional judgment, which indicates the possibility of being applied to the users to whom it is directed.

Functional annotation and comparative genomics analysis of Balamuthia mandrillaris reveals potential virulence-related genes.

Balamuthia mandrillaris is a pathogenic protozoan that causes a rare but almost always fatal infection of the central nervous system and, in some cases, cutaneous lesions. Currently, the genomic data for this free-living amoeba include the description of several complete mitochondrial genomes. In contrast, two complete genomes with draft quality are available in GenBank, but none of these have a functional annotation. In the present study, the complete genome of B. mandrillaris isolated from a freshwater artificial lagoon was sequenced and assembled, obtaining an assembled genome with better assembly quality parameter values than the currently available genomes. Afterward, the genome mentioned earlier, along with strains V039 and 2046, were subjected to functional annotation. Finally, comparative genomics analysis was performed, and it was found that homologous genes in the core genome potentially involved in the virulence of Acanthamoeba spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi. Moreover, eleven of fifteen genes were identified in the three strains described as potential target genes to develop new treatment approaches for B. mandrillaris infections. These results describe proteins in this protozoan's complete genome and help prioritize which target genes could be used to develop new treatments.

Acute sublethal exposure to ethiprole impairs physiological and oxidative status in the Neotropical fish Astyanax altiparanae.

Ethiprole, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, has been increasingly used in the Neotropical region to control stink bug pests in soybean and maize fields. However, such abrupt increases in use may have unintended effects on non-target organisms, including those inhabiting freshwater ecosystems. Here, we evaluated the effects of acute (96 h) sublethal exposure to ethiprole (up to 180 µg/L, which is equivalent to 0.013% of the recommended field dose) on biomarkers of stress in the gills, liver, and muscle of the Neotropical fish Astyanax altiparanae. We further recorded potential ethiprole-induced effects on the structural histology of A. altiparanae gills and liver. Our results showed that ethiprole exposure increased glucose and cortisol levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Ethiprole-exposed fish also exhibited higher levels of malondialdehyde and greater activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione-S-transferase and catalase, in both gills and liver. Furthermore, ethiprole exposure led to increased catalase activity and carbonylated protein levels in muscle. Morphometric and pathological analyses of the gills revealed that increasing ethiprole concentration resulted in hyperemia and loss of integrity of the secondary lamellae. Similarly, histopathological analysis of the liver demonstrated higher prevalence of necrosis and inflammatory infiltrates with increasing ethiprole concentration. Altogether, our findings demonstrated that sublethal exposure to ethiprole can trigger a stress response in non-target fish species, which may lead to potential ecological and economic imbalances in Neotropical freshwater systems.

Imaging in fetal genital anomalies.

Genital anomalies are a heterogeneous group of congenital pathologies that have become increasingly relevant since the Chicago Consensus of 2005. Their postnatal diagnosis has developed significantly in the last two decades, while prenatal diagnosis seems to be underdeveloped, with few protocols available, fragmented scientific literature, and low diagnostic rates. This review aims to examine the current status of this subspecialty from the perspective of prenatal imaging. Indications for the evaluation of fetal genitalia can be divided into medical and non-medical reasons. Medical reasons include sex-linked disorders, detection of other anomalies, relevant family history, or multiple pregnancy. Non-medical reasons include parental request for sex disclosure. Disclosure of fetal sex may be associated with ethical, legal, and medical issues. The main imaging technology used is 2D ultrasound, although there are other complementary techniques such as 3D, MRI, or Color Doppler. Regarding working methodology, several authors have drawn attention to the lack of standardized protocols and guidelines. Most guidelines tend to limit their recommendations to study indications and ethical issues. Technical proposals, measurements, or working methods have not yet been standardized. Fetal sex determination is usually divided into early and late gestation. Early gestation is based on the sagittal sign. Late gestation is based on direct visualization. There are several measurements to describe male and female genitalia, such as penile length, bilabial diameter, or scrotal diameter. Prenatal diagnosis of genital pathologies presents some particularities such as the wide spectrum of phenotypes, the high frequency of associated deformities, or the time of diagnosis. Some of the most frequent pathologies are ambiguous genitalia, fetal sex discordance, hypospadias, micropenis, clitoromegaly, ovarian cysts, hydro(metro)colpos, and cloacal anomalies. Higher-quality studies and direction from scientific societies through the implementation of clinical guidelines are needed.

Complex scaffold remodeling in plant triterpene biosynthesis.

Triterpenes with complex scaffold modifications are widespread in the plant kingdom. Limonoids are an exemplary family that are responsible for the bitter taste in citrus (e.g., limonin) and the active constituents of neem oil, a widely used bioinsecticide (e.g., azadirachtin). Despite the commercial value of limonoids, a complete biosynthetic route has not been described. We report the discovery of 22 enzymes, including a pair of neofunctionalized sterol isomerases, that catalyze 12 distinct reactions in the total biosynthesis of kihadalactone A and azadirone, products that bear the signature limonoid furan. These results enable access to valuable limonoids and provide a template for discovery and reconstitution of triterpene biosynthetic pathways in plants that require multiple skeletal rearrangements and oxidations.

Utility of pulmonary echography with a handheld ultrasound device in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

The objectives of this study are to establish the usefulness of lung ultrasound with a handheld device to predict the risk of developing heart failure with the need for mechanical ventilation (MV) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This is a prospective study of consecutive patients admitted because of ACS-type myocardial infarction, without data of HF at admission in a tertiary hospital, between February 2017 and February 2018. Lung ultrasounds were performed with a handheld cardiologic device in the first 24 h, and defined as echo-positive (PE+) when exams revealed 3 or more B-lines in 2 or more bilateral quadrants. We related this finding to the need for MV during admission. We included 119 patients (65.1 ± 12.8 year; 75.6% male, 24.4% female; 87.4% in Killip class I, 12.6% in Killip class II). Pulmonary echography was positive (PE+) in 21 patients (17.6%). The sensitivity of PE+ to predict MV was 93.3%, the specificity 93.3%, and the area under the curve 0.93. In Cox regression analysis adjusted by CRUSADE score and Killip class, PE+ patients had a hazard ratio of 64.55 (CI 7.87; 529.25, p < 0.001) of needing MV. PE+ was associated with more frequent use of inotropes and mortality. Pulmonary ultrasonography with a handheld echocardiograph was predictive of severe heart failure and the need for mechanical ventilation in ACS with high specificity and sensitivity.

Photocatalytic Activity and Self-Cleaning Effect of Coating Mortars with TiO2 Added: Practical Cases in Warm Sub-Humid Climates.

In this study, the photocatalytic activity of coating mortars with synthetized and commercial TiO2 nanoparticles added has been evaluated at 2, 3 and 5% by weight of cement by calculating the degradation efficiency of methyl orange and red wine dyes exposed to both visible-light and UV radiation; also, the self-cleaning effect of coatings exposed to weather conditions (warm sub-humid climate) was assessed. TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method to a low synthesis temperature and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show synthesized TiO2 particles in anatase phase with a crystallite size of 14.69 nm, and hemispherical particles with sizes of submicron order. The addition percentage with the best performance in the coating mortars was 3%, with both commercial and synthesized TiO2; however, coating mortars with synthesized TiO2 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency for both dyes when they were exposed to visible light, while mortars with commercial TiO2 exhibited the highest degradation efficiency when exposed to UV radiation. In addition, in coating mortars with synthesized TiO2, the self-cleaning effect was evident from the beginning of exposure to weather, reaching the largest dye-free surface at the end of exposure. The compressive strength increased significantly in mortars with TiO2 addition.

Preventive measures focused on the urban-rural interface protect rural food-producing communities from SARS-CoV-2. / Medidas preventivas centradas en la interfaz urbano-rural protegen a las comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos del SARS-CoV-2

INTRODUCTION: Rural food-producing communities are fundamental for the development of economic activities associated with sustainability and food security. However, despite the importance of rurality in Colombia, preventive strategies continue to be implemented homogeneously, without considering the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in rural food-producing communities. OBJECTIVE: To model real areas in Colombia involving rural and urban populations that have intrinsic SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. Characterize rural-urban interactions by means of a parameter that provides different scenarios and allows us to identify interactions capable of preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in rural food-producing communities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection was modeled in five case studies (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Santander and Sucre) considering urban and rural areas and their interaction (connectivity) in the urban-rural interface. For this purpose, an epidemiological compartmental model considering a classification of individuals according to their economic activity and their epidemiological status was assessed. RESULTS: Preventive measures focused on the urban-rural interface impact the number of deaths in rural areas. Hence, it is possible to assume that the dynamics of the disease in rural areas depend on the constant interaction with infected individuals from urban areas, which occurs due to the food production dynamics in the urban-rural interface. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures should focus on places of high transmissibility and risk for rural communities, such as the urban-rural interface. This work highlights the importance of national heterogeneous preventive measures and the protection of rural communities from the social and economic impacts of SARS-CoV-2.

Introducción. Las comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos son fundamentales para el desarrollo de actividades económicas asociadas a la sostenibilidad y la seguridad alimentaria. Sin embargo, a pesar de la importancia de la ruralidad en Colombia, las estrategias de prevención continúan siendo implementadas homogéneamente, sin considerar la dinámica del SARS-CoV-2 en estas comunidades. Objetivo. Modelar la dinámica del SARS-CoV-2 en poblaciones rurales colombianas. Se quiso caracterizar la interacción rural-urbana mediante un parámetro que proporciona diferentes contextos y permite identificar una interacción rural-urbana capaz de prevenir la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 en comunidades rurales productoras de alimentos. Materiales y métodos. La dinámica de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 se modeló en cinco estudios de caso (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Santander y Sucre) considerando áreas urbanas y rurales, así como su interacción (conectividad) en la interfaz urbanorural. Para ello, se empleó un modelo epidemiológico compartimental que considera una clasificación de los individuos según su actividad económica y su estado epidemiológico. Resultados. Las medidas preventivas enfocadas en la interfaz urbano-rural impactan el número de muertes en áreas rurales. Por lo tanto, es posible asumir que la dinámica de la enfermedad en las áreas rurales depende del contacto constante con los individuos infectados de las áreas urbanas, lo que ocurre debido a la dinámica de los sistemas de producción de alimentos en la interfaz urbano-rural. Conclusiones. Las medidas de prevención deben enfocarse en lugares con gran transmisibilidad y riesgo para las comunidades rurales, como la interfaz urbano-rural. En este trabajo se destaca la importancia de las medidas preventivas heterogéneas y la protección de las comunidades rurales contra los impactos sociales y económicos del SARS-CoV-2.